The Impact of Visual Abstracts Compared to Automated Tweets on Social Media in Otology & Neurotology.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of visual abstracts versus automated tweets on social media participation in Otology & Neurotology. PATIENTS: N/A. INTERVENTIONS: Introduction of visual abstracts developed by the social media editorial team to established automated tweets created by the dlvr.it computer program on the Otology & Neurotology Twitter account. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Twitter analytics including the number of new followers per month, impressions per tweet, and engagements per tweet. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance test was used to compare means. RESULTS: From October 2016 to October 2017 (average of 20 new followers per month), 101 automated tweets averaged 536 impressions and 16 engagements per tweet. The visual abstract was introduced in November 2017. From November 2017 to November 2020 (average of 39 new followers per month), 447 automated tweets averaged 747 impressions and 22 engagements per tweet, whereas 157 visual abstracts averaged 1977 impressions and 78 engagements per tweet. Automated tweets were discontinued in December 2020. From December 2020 to December 2022 (average of 44 new followers per month), 95 visual abstracts averaged 1893 impressions and 103 engagements per tweet. With the introduction of the visual abstract, the average number of followers, impressions per tweet, and engagements per tweet significantly increased (all p-values <0.01; all large effect sizes of 0.16, 0.47, and 0.47, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Visual abstracts created by a social media editorial team have a positive impact on social media participation in the field of otology and neurotology. The impact is greater than that of social media content generated by Twitter automation tools.

Rurality Effect on Michigan Newborn Hearing Screening.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effect of rurality on newborn hearing screen outcomes in Michigan. METHODS: Patients in the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) Newborn Hearing Screening database that failed or did not receive their initial screen from 2015 to 2020 were evaluated. Using the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC), patients were assigned a 1-9 code based on the population of their zip code, with 1 being the most urban and 9 being the most rural and outcomes between these patients were compared. RESULTS: There were 34,928 patients initially identified. Patients that had follow-up testing after a failed NBHS had a slightly higher RUCC than those that did not follow-up, 2.3 versus 2.2, respectively (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference between those that refused screening, with a mean RUCC of 4.2, and those that had a failed initial screen having a mean RUCC of 2.1 (p < 0.001). Similarly, those with equipment failure had a higher mean RUCC, 2.8, compared to those that had screening completed (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: More rural areas are more likely to refuse a newborn hearing screen as well as have equipment failure options. There was no difference in rurality scores of those that had a follow-up screen after a failure and those that did not. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV Laryngoscope, 2023.

Exoscope-Assisted Stapedotomy: Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the safety and efficacy of exoscope-assisted stapedotomy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Tertiary care neurotology clinic. PATIENTS: Adult patients with otosclerosis undergoing stapedotomy. INTERVENTIONS: Primary stapedotomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Evaluation of audiologic outcomes, including pure-tone average, bone-conduction thresholds, word recognition score, and air-bone gap. Complications, need for scutum removal, and length of surgery were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 47 patients were identified, and 24 patients underwent surgery with the microscope and 22 with the exoscope. There were significant improvements in pure-tone average, mean bone-conduction thresholds, and air-bone gap for both groups. There was no difference in preoperative or postoperative audiologic status for either group. There was no difference in rates of dysgeusia, chorda tympani nerve damage, dizziness, or facial paresis in either group. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates similar audiologic outcomes, complication profiles, and visualization when comparing exoscopic and microscopic stapedotomy. Demonstrated here, exoscopic stapedotomy can be safely performed in a transcanal manner.

Development and Chinese Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Cochlear Implant Quality-of-Life Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct the Chinese cross-cultural adaptation of the Cochlear Implant Quality of Life-10 Global (CIQOL-10 Global) instrument. PATIENTS: Bilingual Chinese American cochlear implant users. INTERVENTION: Chinese cross-cultural adaptation of the CIQOL-10 Global. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Description of the process of Chinese cross-cultural adaptation of the CIQOL-10 Global and pilot testing of the Chinese CIQOL-10 Global in the target patient population. RESULTS: The CIQOL-10 Global was cross-culturally adapted into Chinese. Ten participants were recruited for pilot testing. There was wide representation from across the target population in terms of age (mean, 44.8 yr; range, 20.2-80.3 yr), sex (5 were male, 5 were female), education, and socioeconomic factors. All participants were able to easily read, comprehend, and fill out the Chinese CIQOL-10 Global. CONCLUSIONS: The Chinese version of the CIQOL-10 Global is now available to provide an overall assessment of quality of life of Chinese-speaking cochlear implant users.

Does labyrinthectomy have an impact on hearing in the contralateral ear during long-term follow-up?

OBJECTIVE: To quantify contralateral hearing outcomes after labyrinthectomy for unilateral Ménière's disease (MD). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: Tertiary neurotology referral center. PATIENTS: Labyrinth removal for the management of MD or translabyrinthine (TLAB) acoustic neuroma resection between 2008 and 2012. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Long-term hearing changes via pure tone averages (PTA). RESULTS: Upon comparison of low-frequency PTA (250, 500, 1000 Hz), MD patients experienced a greater degree of hearing loss during the follow-up period when compared to the TLAB lab group (7.54 ± 2.11 dB vs 2.39 ± 1.10 dB, p = 0.035). This difference as attributable to 12 (28.6 %) MD patients experiencing a ≥30 dB increase in low-frequency PTA, whereas none (0.0 %) of the TLAB surpassed this threshold. CONCLUSIONS: At 10 years post-labyrinthectomy there is a heightened risk for MD patients to develop low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Clinicians should monitor for audiometric changes through regular testing in the decade following labyrinth removal.

Simultaneous Cochlear Implantation and Salvage Translabyrinthine Resection of Vestibular Schwannoma after Radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: To report on the novel use of simultaneous cochlear implantation (CI) during salvage translabyrinthine resection of vestibular schwannoma (VS) after failed stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). PATIENT: A 52-year-old woman presented with a medium-sized right VS. She experienced continued tumor growth despite previous SRS, resulting in medial extension beyond the internal auditory canal into the cerebellopontine angle. Associated symptoms included asymmetrical right moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss, poor word recognition, tinnitus, and dizziness. INTERVENTION: Simultaneous CI with translabyrinthine VS resection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: CI-aided pure-tone averages. RESULTS: After 4 months of device use, CI-aided speech audiometry revealed hearing thresholds in the normal range, with a four-tone pure-tone, average of 16.3 dB. Speech perception with consonant-nucleus-consonant testing in the CI-only condition was 46%, representing a 12% improvement compared with preoperatively. Tinnitus and dizziness burden were subjectively reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Despite challenges inherent to second procedures after radiotherapy failure, successful CI outcomes can be achieved. The current study demonstrates the feasibility of simultaneous CI during salvage VS resection after SRS. A larger study should be undertaken to further substantiate these preliminary findings.

Ergonomic Analysis of Otologic Surgery: Comparison of Endoscope and Microscope.

OBJECTIVE: The comparative postural health of surgeons performing endoscopic and microscopic otologic surgeries has been a topic of active debate, with many nascent or anecdotal reports suggesting the latter encourages suboptimal ergonomics. Using inertial body sensors to measure joint angles, this study sought to objectively evaluate and compare the ergonomics of surgeons during endoscopic and microscopic otologic surgeries. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective pilot trial. SETTING: Large, multicenter, academic hospital system. Performed 21 otologic operations (10 endoscopic and 11 microscopic) in November 2020 and January 2021. All attendings were fellowship trained in otology/neurotology. SUBJECTS: Eight otolaryngologists (four attendings and four residents) performing 21 otologic surgeries (11 microscopic and 10 endoscopic). INTERVENTION: Approach to otologic surgery: endoscope or microscope. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Surgeons' neck and back angles while wearing ergonomic sensors affixed to either side of each major joint, mental and physical burdens and pain after each surgery (via modified NASA Task Load Index). RESULTS: Residents' necks (9.54° microscopic vs. -4.79° endoscopic, p = 0.04) and backs (16.48° microscopic vs. 3.66° endoscopic, p = 0.01) were significantly more flexed when performing microscopic surgery than when performing endoscopic surgery, although attending neck and back flexion were comparable during microscopic and endoscopic surgeries. Attendings reported significantly higher pain levels after operating microscopically than after operating endoscopically (0.13 vs. 2.76, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Residents were found to operate with significantly higher risk back and neck postures (as defined by the validated ergonomic tool, Rapid Entire Body Assessment) when operating microscopically. Attendings reported significantly higher levels of pain after operating microscopically versus endoscopically, suggesting that the suboptimal microscopic postures adopted earlier in training may pose an indelible risk later in a surgeon's career.

Retrosigmoid Approach for Sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma: Patient Selection, Technical Pearls, and Hearing Results.

The retrosigmoid corridor provides the most broadly applied approach for resection of sporadic vestibular schwannoma. It may be utilized for any size tumor and for patients with intact hearing with the intention of hearing preservation. For larger tumors, the skull base surgeon must weigh the benefits the retrosigmoid approach against those of the translabyrinthine route. For smaller tumors where hearing preservation is a goal, the retrosigmoid approach is contrasted to the middle fossa route. Hearing preservation is most likely for patients with small and medially located intracanalicular tumors with minimal extension into the cerebellopontine angle, and excellent preoperative hearing.

A Case of HPV+ Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Perigeniculate Area and Middle Fossa.

Herein we present an unusual case of a primary HPV+ perigeniculate, extra-axial middle fossa skull base tumor and our management thereof. Laryngoscope, 133:3158-3160, 2023.

Defining the Learning Curve for Endoscopic Ear Skills Using a Modular Trainer: A Multi-Institutional Study.

OBJECTIVE: Quantify the learning curve for endoscopic ear skills acquisition in otolaryngology residents using a simulator. The secondary objective was to determine if demographic factors or previous endoscopic experience influenced skill development. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter study. Resident participants each completed 10 amassed trials using a validated endoscopic ear skill trainer. SETTING: Two academic teaching hospitals. SUBJECTS: Otolaryngology residents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Trial completion times; rate of improvement over time. RESULTS: Thirty-eight residents completed the study, 26 from program A and 12 from program B. Fifteen participants were women and 23 were men. Mean age was 30 years old (range 26 to 34 years). Previous experience with otoendoscopy (B = -16.7, p = 0.005) and sinus endoscopy (B = -23.4, p = 0.001) independently correlated with lower overall trial times. Age, gender, postgraduate year, handedness, interest in otology, and video gaming were not associated with trial times. On multivariate logistic regression, resident completion times improved with trial number, and residents without previous endoscopy experience improved at a faster rate than those with experience ( p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Novice surgeons may acquire basic endoscopic ear experience with self-directed simulation training. The learning curve for transcanal endoscopic ear surgery is comparable to those demonstrated for other otologic surgeries, and specific task competencies can be achieved within 10 trials, suggesting that previous experiences, or lack thereof, may not dictate the ability to acquire new skills. There may be a translational value to previous endoscopic sinus experience on learning transcanal endoscopic ear surgery.

Temporal changes in endolymphatic hydrops on MRI with or without intervention: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The pathophysiology of Meniere's Disease (MD) involves endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) of the inner ear. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been shown to detect ELH, but changes in ELH have been poorly described using this modality. Our objective was to review MRI-measured changes in ELH over time and after medical and/or surgical intervention in patients with MD. We secondarily aim to associate changes in ELH with changes in MD symptomatology. DATABASES REVIEWED: Medline, Web of Science, and Embase databases. METHODS: A systematic review of articles was performed to identify studies utilizing MRI to measure ELH changes over time, and after medical or surgical treatment. Articles on non-human subjects and without direct measurement of ELH were excluded. RESULTS: Of 532 studies identified, 12 were included, involving 170 patients (mean age 56.3 years). Ten studies were prospective; two were retrospective. Five studies strictly utilized medical means of intervention, four utilized surgical treatments, one utilized both, and two observed temporal changes without treatment. Across all interventions, 72.1 % of patients exhibited the same or worsening ELH on imaging. In studies reporting vertigo outcomes, 95.9 % of patients exhibited improvement after the treatment period. CONCLUSION: Medical and surgical interventions often yield symptomatic relief of vertigo in MD patients despite stable or increasing ELH volume. MRI may have greater clinical utility in diagnosing ELH as opposed to assessing treatment response.

Cochlear Implantation in Adults With Single-Sided Deafness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical outcomes of adult patients with single-sided deafness (SSD) undergoing ipsilateral cochlear implantation. DATA SOURCE: An electronic search of Medline and Embase articles. REVIEW METHODS: A systematic review was performed with a search strategy developed by a licensed librarian to identify studies of adult patients with SSD who underwent ipsilateral cochlear implantation. Articles were managed in Covidence and evaluated by 2 independent reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed and data were extracted, including patient demographics, etiology of deafness, duration of deafness, and postoperative change in speech recognition, tinnitus, sound localization, and quality of life (QoL). A meta-analysis was performed, and pooled mean differences were calculated for each outcome of interest via random effects models by each outcome, as well as subgroup analyses by the individual clinical score used. RESULTS: Of 2309 studies identified, 185 full texts were evaluated, and 50 were ultimately included involving 674 patients. Speech perception scores in quiet and noise, tinnitus control, sound localization, and QoL all significantly improved after implantation. Pooled outcomes demonstrated score improvements in speech perception (standardized mean difference [SMD], 2.8 [95% CI, 2.16-3.43]), QoL (SMD, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.45-0.91]), sound localization (SMD, -1.13 [95% CI, -1.68 to -0.57]), and tinnitus score reduction (SMD, -1.32 [95% CI, -1.85 to -0.80]). CONCLUSIONS: Cochlear implantation in adults with SSD results in significant improvements in speech perception, tinnitus control, sound localization, and QoL.

Sharing in-office otoendoscopy recordings may improve patient satisfaction: A prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impact of sharing otoendoscopy exams on patient satisfaction in the outpatient clinical setting. METHODS: Randomized, prospective cohort study. Consecutive adults presenting to otology clinic at one tertiary referral center were randomized into two groups: standard microscopy (SM) and video otoendoscopy (VO). The SM group had ears examined using a standard, otomicroscope; the VO group had ears examined using a 0° rigid endoscope connected to a video tower. All subjects were counseled on their exam findings in a routine manner; the VO group was concurrently shown a recording of their ear exam. All subjects completed the 18-item Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18) at the conclusion of their clinic visit. RESULTS: The SM group consisted of 27 patients and VO group consisted of 23 patients. VO subjects reported higher PSQ-18 scores compared to SM subjects within the domains of communication (p = 0.04) and technical quality (p = 0.005). On linear regression models, demographic factors and positive exam findings were not predictive of patient satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Sharing otoendoscopy recordings may be a valuable tool that can improve patient satisfaction. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians should consider sharing recordings of otoscopic exams with patients, particularly when faced with the possibility of surgery.

A Review of Noninfectious Diseases Masquerading as Acute Mastoiditis.

OBJECTIVE: Acute mastoiditis is commonly attributed to infection. Rarely do clinicians encounter cases that do not respond to traditional antibiotics or surgical management. The goal of this study was to systematically review the literature to characterize diseases masquerading as acute infectious mastoiditis. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. REVIEW METHODS: A systematic review was performed to identify all publications that reported on diseases with presentations mimicking acute mastoiditis, defined as postauricular redness, swelling, and tenderness. We included clinical prospective studies, retrospective studies, and case series/reports. Exclusion criteria included non-English articles, letters/commentaries, abstracts, and review articles. RESULTS: Out of 3339 results, 35 studies met final inclusion criteria. In children, 11 diseases were reported to mimic mastoiditis, including solid tumors, hematologic diseases, and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. The most common disease in children was Langerhans cell histiocytosis, followed by rhabdomyosarcoma and acute myelogenous leukemia. In adults, 8 additional diseases were reported. The most common disease in adults was squamous cell carcinoma, followed by nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Presenting symptoms are reviewed, as well as characteristic radiographic, laboratory, and intraoperative features that may assist with diagnosis. A diagnostic algorithm for atypical cases of acute mastoiditis is proposed. CONCLUSION: A small but significant group of diseases in children and adults can mimic acute mastoiditis. In such cases, history and examination alone may be insufficient to reach a diagnosis, and further investigation may be necessary. Otolaryngologists should always be mindful of the possibility that noninfectious pathologies may present with a constellation of symptoms similar to mastoiditis.

Endoscopic Versus Microscopic Stapedotomy: A Single-Blinded Randomized Control Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate non-inferiority of endoscopic stapedotomy to microscopic stapedotomy for the treatment of otosclerosis. STUDY DESIGN: Single-blinded randomized control trial. SETTING: Tertiary, academic otology-neurotology practice. PATIENTS: Adult subjects with a diagnosis of otosclerosis and a preoperative air-bone gap (ABG) more than or equal to 20 dB undergoing primary stapedotomy. INTERVENTION: Endoscopic or microscopic stapedotomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary audiometric outcome was postoperative ABG. Secondary audiometric outcomes included speech reception threshold (SRT), word recognition score (WRS), bone- and air-conduction pure tone averages (PTA), change in ABG, and ABG closure rates to less than or equal to 10 dB and less than or equal to 20 dB. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were recruited. Eleven patients underwent endoscopic stapedotomy and 11 underwent microscopic stapedotomy. The endoscopic group was non-inferior to the microscopic group in terms of postoperative audiometric outcomes (endoscope versus microscope, p-value): ABG (8.1 dB versus 8.1 dB, <0.001), SRT (27.7 dB versus 25.9 dB, <0.001), WRS (92% at 65 dB versus 98% at 62 dB, <0.001), air-conduction PTA (33.5 dB versus 30.8 dB, <0.01), and change in ABG (23.0 dB versus 20.7 dB, <0.0001). ABG closure rates to less than or equal to 10 dB (72.7% versus 81.2%, p = 1.0) and less than or equal to 20 dB (90.9% versus 100%, p = 1.0) were not significantly different. There was no significant difference in operative time, necessity of scutum curettage, or postoperative dysgeusia. No patients required chorda tympani sacrifice. Preoperative tinnitus resolved in three patients in each group postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first randomized control trial to demonstrate non-inferiority of endoscopic to microscopic stapedotomy.

Opioids Are Infrequently Required following Ambulatory Otologic Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency with which postoperative opioid prescriptions are required after ambulatory otologic surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Tertiary otology-neurotology practice. PATIENTS: Patients (n = 447) given over-the-counter acetaminophen and ibuprofen following ambulatory otologic surgery between July 1, 2018 and June 30, 2020. INTERVENTION: Opioid prescription upon request. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient, disease, and surgical variables such as age, sex, past medical history, chronic pain condition, surgical procedure, primary versus (vs.) revision surgery, and endoscopic vs. microscopic approach were examined for relationship to ad hoc opioid prescription rate. RESULTS: Of 370 adult patients (mean age 49.0 yrs, range 18.0-88.5 yrs), 75 (20.3%) were prescribed opioids for postoperative pain, most commonly oxycodone-acetaminophen 5/325 mg. Of 77 pediatric patients (mean age 8.8 yrs, range 0.7-17.9 yrs), 5 (6.5%) were prescribed postoperative opioid analgesia. In the adult population, chronic pain condition, pain medication use at baseline, canal wall up mastoidectomy, tympanoplasty, tympanomeatal flap, bone removal of the mastoid, postauricular incision, and intraoperative microscopy were independent predictors of opioid pain prescription. When controlling for all significant variables, only chronic pain condition remained significant (odds ratio = 3.94; p = 0.0007). In the pediatric population, atresiaplasty, meatoplasty, and conchal cartilage removal were independently associated with opioid prescription, but none remained significant when analyzed in a multivariate linear model. CONCLUSIONS: Pain following ambulatory otologic surgery may be adequately managed with over-the-counter pain medications in the majority of cases. Opioids may be necessary in adults with preexisting pain conditions.

Is There a Role for Intraoperative Navigation During Cochlear Implantation in Patients With Aural Atresia?

OBJECTIVE: Concurrent bilateral congenital aural atresia (CAA) and profound sensorineural hearing loss are rare. While not a contraindication, temporal bone and cochleovestibular abnormalities are an important consideration for cochlear implantation (CI) candidacy. Intraoperative image-guided surgical navigation may play a role during CI surgery in patients with complex anatomy, such as CAA. PATIENT: One patient with bilateral CAA, cochlear dysplasia, speech delay, and profound sensorineural hearing loss underwent candidacy evaluation for cochlear implantation. INTERVENTIONS: Cochlear implantation using intraoperative image-guided navigation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Registration accuracy, (2) surgical outcomes, (3) audiometry. RESULTS: A four-year-old girl with complete bilateral CAA and profound sensorineural hearing loss successfully underwent a right transmastoid approach for CI using intraoperative image-guided navigation with sticker fiducials. Bony landmarks included the mastoid tip, tympanomastoid suture line, helical root, zygomatic root, and lateral brow. A registration accuracy of 0.9 mm was achieved. There were no intraoperative or immediate postoperative complications. Postoperatively, Neural Response Imaging was confirmed on 9 electrodes and behavioral testing demonstrated Ling-6 access at 30 dB. On most recent follow-up, she has demonstrated gains in language development, vocalizations, and uses total communication in a hearing-impaired educational environment. CONCLUSIONS: Children with CAA and profound sensorineural hearing loss may be candidates for cochlear implantation, with successful outcomes in the setting of complex anatomy. Surgical navigation may play a role corroborating intraoperative landmarks.

Intraoperative navigation during atresiaplasty for congenital aural atresia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of intraoperative navigation (ION) using adhesive fiducials and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the temporal bone in pediatric patients undergoing atresiaplasty for congenital aural atresia (CAA). METHODS: From June 2018 to August 2019, a retrospective review was performed on pediatric patients with unilateral or bilateral CAA who underwent atresiaplasty with or without concurrent bone anchored implant (BAI) placement. Single stage atresiaplasty was performed at a tertiary referral center with ION linked to image-guidance compatible HRCT non-contrast temporal bone images. Up to six adhesive fiducials were placed for navigation. Patient demographics were collected including Schuknecht classification type and Jahrsdoerfer score. Main outcome measures included the number of useable adhesive fiducials for navigation, navigation system registration accuracy, operative time, intraoperative complications, and postoperative outcomes including facial nerve function, surgical site infection rate, restenosis rate, and audiometric data. RESULTS: Five patients (3 male, 1 AU atresia, 2 AS atresia, all Schuknecht type C) with an average age of 9.2 years (range 6.8-11.8 years) underwent single sided atresiaplasty with ION. Two patients underwent concurrent BAI placement. Average Jahrsdoerfer score was 8.6 (range 7-10). Preoperative audiogram demonstrated a mean air-bone gap (ABG) of 45 dB (range 35-54 dB). The navigation system registration accuracy ranged from 0.08 to 1.80 mm (mean 1.00 mm). Mean operative time was 268 min (range 217-307 min). There were no intraoperative complications. At an average follow up of 7.2 months (range 2-15 months), postoperative facial nerve function was normal in all patients and no patients developed postoperative stenosis or surgical site infections. Four patients underwent postoperative audiogram at an average of 4 months after surgery (range 2-5 months) and all demonstrated an ABG of less than 30 dB (mean 20 dB, range 15-26 dB) with an average improvement in ABG of 23 dB (range 11-39 dB). The one patient who did not undergo postoperative pure tone audiometry underwent AzBio speech perception testing and demonstrated an improvement from 81% to 89%. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ION in otologic surgery is uncommon. Inherent aberrant temporal bone anatomy in CAA makes this a unique population to study the value of this technology. The use of adhesive fiducials is feasible, with navigation registration accuracy and surgical outcomes comparable to those in the literature. More data is necessary regarding the impact of ION on long-term surgical and audiometric outcomes.

3D Exoscope Navigation-Guided Approach to Middle Cranial Fossa.

OBJECTIVE: To test the feasibility and efficacy of a 3D exoscope navigation-guided middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach to the internal auditory canal (IAC); to potentially obviate the need to use dissection landmarks and instead, use the navigation probe as a guide to find structures and drill down to the IAC. PATIENTS: Cadaveric dissection of six temporal bones. INTERVENTION: Computed tomography temporal bone was performed with fiducials on each specimen before the dissection to employ the navigation system. Using a 3D exoscope with navigation by Synaptive (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), the MCF approach was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Navigation accuracy, ability to identify critical structures, and ability to drill out the IAC successfully. RESULTS: All six specimens had the IAC successfully drilled out using the 3D exoscope. All dissections were performed with navigation and did not require dissecting out the greater superficial petrosal nerve and superior semicircular canal. One specimen used landmark dissection to confirm the IAC after navigation had been used to locate the IAC first. Navigation accuracy mean was 1.86 mm (range, 1.56-2.05 mm). CONCLUSION: A 3D exoscope navigation-guided MCF approach to the IAC is feasible without landmark dissection.

Cochlear Implantation in Meniere's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Meniere's disease (MD) is a debilitating condition characterized by hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. The objective of this study was to systematically investigate outcomes in MD after cochlear implantation (CoI), with and without labyrinthectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A systematic review of articles in Medline and Embase was performed to identify all studies of patients with MD who underwent CoI. This analysis evaluates outcomes of speech recognition, pure tone audiometry, vertigo, tinnitus, and quality of life. RESULTS: Of 321 studies identified, 37 were included, involving 216 patients. Mean age at implantation was 61.4 years (range 27-85 years) with average length of follow-up at 1.7 years (range 0-9 years). Forty-four (20.4%) patients underwent labyrinthectomy. Meta-analysis demonstrated significant improvements in audiometric outcomes following CoI. There was a statistically significant improvement in Hearing in Noise Test performance, with a mean difference improvement of 44.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] [8.8, 80.6]) at 6 months and 60.1 (95% CI [35.3, 85.0]) at 12 months. The Freiburger Monosyllabic Test (FMT) and Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant (CNC) also improved significantly, with mean difference improvements of 46.2 (95% CI [30.0, 62.4]) for FMT and 19.3 (95% CI [8.1, 30.4]) for CNC. There was a statistically significant decrease in tinnitus, as measured by a mean difference reduction of 48.1 (95% CI [1.0, 95.2]) in the Tinnitus Handicap Index. CONCLUSIONS: CoI with and without simultaneous labyrinthectomy is a viable treatment option for patients with MD, yielding high rates of tinnitus suppression and vertigo control. Post-CoI MD patients demonstrate similar postoperative speech perception outcomes to non-MD implant recipients. Laryngoscope, 131:1845-1854, 2021.